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An Effective Method for Characterizing System Bandwidth in Complex Current Sensor Applications

By Wade Bussing, Ryan Dunn, and Kasey Hampton,
Allegro MicroSystems, LLC

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Introduction

Driving high frequency, high amperage current in a controlled manner can prove challenging. Even when the right equipment is available, the application’s uniquely complex systems may not allow for easy injection of external currents due to load conditions or switching circuitry timing.

This application note describes multiple methods for measuring and characterizing system bandwidth, with a focus on the impulse response method.

Allegro’s ACS720 is the perfect device to validate the test methods outlined here. The ACS720 is a highly accurate integrated current sensor IC with very low sensor drift over temperature, dual overcurrent fault channels, a typical bandwidth of 120 kHz, and an external filter feature.

A functional block diagram of the ACS720 is shown in Figure 1 with the filter circuit highlighted. Refer to the ACS720 device datasheet on the Allegro website for more information.


Figure 1: ACS720 Block Diagram with Emphasis on the External Filter Circuit
Figure 1: ACS720 Block Diagram with Emphasis on the External Filter Circuit 

Bandwidth Measurement

The block diagram in Figure 2 shows a standard bench setup for testing system bandwidth.

Figure 2: Bench Setup for Generating Current Sensor Bode Plots
Figure 2: Bench Setup for Generating Current Sensor Bode Plots

An equipment list is shown in Table 1. Item numbers correspond to the numbered blocks in Figure 2. See Appendix A for links to the manufacturers’ websites and product pages.

Table 1: Equipment List [a]

# Item Manufacturer  
1 AP300 Network Analyzer AP Instruments
2 Wideband Amplifier   AMP-Line Corporation
3 4997 Current Monitor Probe  Pearson 
4  ACS720 Current Sensor IC  Allegro MicroSystems 

The network analyzer supplies a control signal to the wideband amplifier, which can sweep AC currents from 10 Hz to hundreds of kHz. The input current is observed using a high-bandwidth precision current monitor, while the ACS720 analog output is measured directly. The network analyzer compares the sensor output (channel B) to the reference monitor probe (channel A).

Approximating System Bandwidth Using the Rise Time

The frequency sweep test method is most practical for application circuits that contain minimal switching circuitry. Consider the simplified inverter schematic in Figure 3. Popular sensing locations for Allegro’s integrated current sensors (CS) are indicated.

Figure 3: Simplified Three-Phase Inverter Schematic
Figure 3: Simplified Three-Phase Inverter Schematic

One solution for bandwidth validation may be a control scheme for switching the FETs in a single phase at various frequencies while observing the output. However, wide adjustment of the switching frequencies is not feasible, and accurate in-phase measurement of the reference current may be challenging.

A second solution is to short the high-side and low-side FETs in a single phase and sweep current using an external source.

However, other components, such as the large link capacitor, or the small load of the FETs, inhibit the amplifier’s ability to sweep high-frequency current. In this case, an alternative test method may be used: the rise time method. Rise time is defined as the time it takes for a system to travel from 10% to 90% of its steady-state value in response to a fast input current step.

A fast input step is generated with the inverter system in Figure 3 by briefly shorting the high-side and low-side FETs of a single phase. This allows a brief shoot-through current event, and the rise time of the sensor output can then be measured. The bandwidth of the system may be approximated using the rise time measurement and the following equation:

A SPICE model of a low-pass filter with cutoff frequency of 120 kHz was used to illustrate the method, shown in Figure 4.

Figure 4: SPICE Model of Low-Pass Filter with Cutoff Frequency at 120 kHz
Figure 4: SPICE Model of Low-Pass Filter with Cutoff Frequency at 120 kHz

The cutoff frequency of the low-pass filter was calculated to be ≈120 kHz using the following equation:

A voltage step from 0 to 5 V was injected at VIN, with a rise time of 100 ns. The rise time of VOUT was measured to be 2.92 μs. The results of the simulation are plotted in Figure 5.

Figure 5: Impulse Response of 120 kHz Low Pass Filter
Figure 5: Impulse Response of 120 kHz Low Pass Filter

The bandwidth of the low pass filter was confirmed using the measured rise time and the bandwidth approximation equation:

Equation 3:

It should be noted that the rise time of the input signal directly affects the response of the system. A fast input rise time is recommended for this testing (< 1 μs). Considerations should be made for the impact of input rise time on the overall measurement.

Applying the Rise Time Approximation

The ACS720 datasheet typical specification for internal bandwidth is 120 kHz. The device measured in Figure 6 shows a bandwidth of around 128 kHz.

Figure 6: Bode Plot for ACS720 Showing Magnitude and Phase Relative to a Sinusoidal Input Current
Figure 6: Bode Plot for ACS720 Showing Magnitude
and Phase Relative to a Sinusoidal Input Current
The rise time of the ACS720 was measured using a current step generator with a rise time < 1 μs. The impulse and sensor response were captured in Figure 7.

Figure 7: ACS720 Impulse Response with 0 nF Filter Capacitor
Figure 7: ACS720 Impulse Response with 0 nF Filter Capacitor

The average rise time of the ACS720 was measured to be 2.8 μs, which can be inserted into the bandwidth approximation equation:
Equation 4:

The rise time result in Figure 7 has a close correlation to the bandwidth measured in Figure 6. Although correlation could be further improved by using a faster input step, the 1 μs pulse in Figure 7 is sufficient for approximation.

Adding a 4.7 nF capacitor to the ACS720 FILTER pin reduces the sensor’s cutoff frequency to 18.8 kHz. The frequency response and rise time were retested with the added filter capacitor, shown in Figure 8 and Figure 9.

 

Figure 8: Bode Plot for ACS720 and 4.7 nF Filter Capacitor
Figure 8: Bode Plot for ACS720 and 4.7 nF Filter Capacitor
Figure 9: ACS720 Impulse Response with 4.7 nF Filter Capacitor
Figure 9: ACS720 Impulse Response with 4.7 nF Filter Capacitor

Using the measured rise time and approximation equation, the new sensor bandwidth is confirmed:
Equation 5:

Conclusion

The rise time method is an effective way to characterize system bandwidth when complexities prohibit the use of standard test procedures or when the appropriate equipment is not available.

 

 APPPENDIX A: Equipment Manufacturer List

AP300 NETWORK ANALYZER

Manufacturer: AP Instruments
Product Link: http://www.apinstruments.com/products.html

AP300 NETWORK ANALYZER

PEARSON 4997 CURRENT MONITOR PROBE

Manufacturer: Pearson
Product Selection Page: http://www.pearsonelectronics.com/products/wideband-current-monitors
Model 4997 Datasheet Link: https://www.pearsonelectronics.com/pdf/4997.pdf

PEARSON 4997 CURRENT MONITOR PROBE

AMP-LINE CORPORATION WIDEBAND AMPLIFIER

Manufacturer: AMP-LINE Corporation
Product Selection Page: http://www.amp-line.com/products/wideband-power-amplifiers-lf-to-hf

AMP-LINE CORPORATION WIDEBAND AMPLIFIER

ALLEGRO ACS720

Manufacturer: Allegro
Product Page: /en/products/sense/current-sensor-ics/zero-to-fifty-amp-integrated-conductor-sensor-ics/acs720

ALLEGRO ACS720

 

 


Copyright ©2018, Allegro MicroSystems, LLC
The information contained in this document does not constitute any representation, warranty, assurance, guaranty, or inducement by Allegro to the customer with respect to the subject matter of this document. The information being provided does not guarantee that a process based on this information will be reliable, or that Allegro has explored all of the possible failure modes. It is the customer’s responsibility to do sufficient qualification testing of the final product to insure that it is reliable and meets all design requirements.